The Philippines—classified as flawed democracy—had a democracy index score of 6.62 in 2021 from 6.56 the previous year, which a political analyst could be due to too much concetration of power in Duterte’s office, threatening the rule of law and the independence of the Judiciary, relying too much on punitive measures and the powers of the military and the police, violating human rights and media freedom, and attacking those labeled as opposition.
From a high score of 6.94 points in 2016 (on Duterte’s first year) the Philippines democracy index score slipped to 6.62 in 2021 with the “unprecedented withdrawal” of civil liberties during the pandemic in both developed and authoritarian regimes. The Philippines is still labeled as a flawed democracy by the UK-based Economist Intelligence Unit.
Flawed democracies are nations where elections are fair and free and basic civil liberties are honored but may have issues (e.g. media freedom infringement and minor suppression of political opposition and critics).
Issues that hounded the Philippine democracy in 2021 were: unending drug war, political killings, threats, harassment, freedom of media, death penalty and COVID 19.
Out of 167 countries that it rated the Philippines jumped one spot to 54th place.
In the UK-based Economist Intelligence Unit’s 2020 democracy index, the Philippines recorded an average 6.56 score, after scoring 9.17 in electoral process and pluralism, 5 in functioning government, 7.78 in political participation, 4.38 in political culture and 6.47 in civil liberties.
Based on the EIU Democracy Index 2021, the Philippines under President Rodrigo R. Duterte received a score of 6.62, an improvement from 6.56 in 2020.
The EIU classified the Philippines as a “flawed democracy,” along with nine other countries in Asia.
The average regional score in Asia and Australasia dropped to 5.46 in 2021, from 5.62 in 2020, a second straight year of decline and the region’s lowest score since 2006.
Poverty, lack of education, drug or substance abuse, vice, crime and unemployment are among the many problems that continue to batter the Philippines.
The Philippines lagged behind Southeast Asian neighbors Malaysia (39) Timor Leste (43), and Indonesia (52), but ahead of Singapore (66), Thailand (72), Vietnam (131), Cambodia (134), Laos (159), and Myanmar (166).
Europe leads “full democracy” classification
European countries dominated the “full democracy” classification, with Norway topping the global index with a score of 9.75, followed by New Zealand (9.37), Finland (9.27), Sweden (9.26), Iceland (9.18) and Denmark (9.09).
But Afghanistan and Myanmar displaced North Korea at the bottom of the list.
The EIU said the pandemic has compounded many pre-pandemic threats to democracy, citing an increasingly technocratic approach to managing society in Western democracies and a tendency in many backward democracies and authoritarian regimes to resort to coercion.
‘Too much concentration of power’
Maria Ela L. Atienza, a political science professor at the University of the Philippines, said Philippine democracy has been weakened by “too much concentration of powers in the Executive branch” under the current administration.
“While not the only culprit, President Duterte and his administration have concentrated too much power in his office, threatening the rule of law and the independence of the Judiciary, relying too much on punitive measures and the powers of the military and the police, violating human rights and media freedom, and attacking those labeled as opposition,” she told Business World.
Atienza said the government relied heavily on a militarist approach for its pandemic response.
“The response has also put the blame largely on people who violate the laws but at the same time, those quickly rounded up and punished are poor people who were affected heavily by the pandemic, community organizers and activists while rich people and administration allies who violate health protocols are given a lot of leeway,” she said.
The political analyst said the next administration needs to ensure that government officials and agencies are “accountable to the people and can be checked by other branches and sectors.”
Drop in global average
The EIU said the global average score took a big hit for a second consecutive year, falling to 5.28 from 5.37 in 2020. This was the worst global score since the index first came out in 2006.
Less than half or 45.7 percent of the world’s population now live in a democracy of some sort, a significant decline from 49.4% in 2020, according to the report.
It said only 6.4 percent of the world’s population live in full democracies or countries that provide their citizens civil liberties and political freedoms as well as an effective government and political culture.
More than a third of the population live under authoritarian rule, many of them in China.
China poised to become largest economy by 2030
EIU said China is set to become the world’s largest economy by 2030, which may result in the spread of authoritarian rule around the world and a rollback of democracy globally.
Duterte led a foreign policy pivot to China and away from the US when he took office in 2016.
However, less than a year before he steps down, Duterte appears to have changed his tune. He has thanked US President Joseph R. Biden for donating coronavirus vaccines to the Philippines and restored a visiting forces agreement after suspending it for months.
Atienza said it would be difficult for the next government to continue Duterte’s foreign policy pivot to China since majority of Filipinos have unfavorable attitudes towards the Chinese government.
“While China is an economic power, it has not been successful in forging greater people-to-people exchanges and interactions, though it is trying, compared with other powers that are able to establish strong linkages not only with national elite but with the people themselves,” she said.
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